Friday, November 29, 2019

Pros and Cons of Storing Nuclear Waste Essay Example

Pros and Cons of Storing Nuclear Waste Paper Nuclear Pros and Cons A seemingly ideal action, Yucca Mountain is 100 miles outside of Lass Vegas, with the nearest humans 15 miles away (Hansen, 2001). However, many environmentalists and Nevada residents have grave reservations about putting the permanent storage at Yucca Mountain, citing concerns such as waste transportation dangers, geological instability, and the inability of the site to store all of the United States waste. They feel this is a hasty decision that is political in nature (Hansen, 2001). While the storage of nuclear waste is not an ideal situation, Americas current reliance on nuclear power makes it a necessity. The Yucca Mountain repository is currently the best option for long-term storage because of its relative isolation from human settlements, natural geological features, and its large storage capacity. Since nuclear waste is deadly to humans, the location of a long-term facility is crucial. In the event of a catastrophe, the ability to isolate the area effectively and expose as few people as possible to danger is critical. With the closest humans 15 miles away, Yucca Mountain is an ideal place to build the repository. The location provides the safety necessary for the success of the reject by limiting peoples exposure to radioactivity. We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Storing Nuclear Waste specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Storing Nuclear Waste specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Storing Nuclear Waste specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The desert isolation also provides better security for the site, protecting from an easy assault by terrorists. With no one living near the mountain, several checkpoints can be setup allowing almost impregnable security access. While the isolation of the site is a selling factor, the same seclusion creates one of the biggest dangers associated with this project. That problem is the transportation of nuclear waste to Yucca Mountain. The majority of states will ship many tons of waste by rail or truck to the repository. Critics feel human error and weather conditions could lead to many accidents, with the possibility of a situation similar to Coherently. They feel that the more waste that is transported, the better chance an accident will occur. The fear is that emergency workers will not be able to handle the type Of problems that could arise. However, tests of the shipping containers and computer modeling have produced little evidence that an accident would cause a wide spread release (Hansen, 2001). As long as trained emergency workers can effectively handle potential dangerous situation, the rewards of the sire far outweigh the risk involved. The Department of Energy plan calls for a site whose natural geological features, when mixed with human barriers, will provide a safe storage facility for the waste. According to a 1 998 study, Yucca Mountain fits this requirement. Summarizing 15 years of site data, the Department of Energy report stated that the arid climate and stable geology would reduce the risk of a leak, with any leakage having to pass through 1 000 feet of rock to reach the water level (as cited in Hansen, 2001). The study concludes that once sealed, there would be little or no increase in radiation exposure for 10,000 years (Hansen, 2001 ). Critics, including Novenas Agency for Nuclear Projects, disagree with the findings of the study however. Citing other geological reports, Novenas Agency for Nuclear Projects claims that Yucca Mountain sits on an active earthquake zone and has received at least 600 examples of seismic activity Of 2. 5 Or higher (as cited in Hansen, 2001 This activity could lead to a rupture in the tanks, which may result in a leak. The Department of Energy is confident that the potential seismic events will not result in container leakage since the design of the containers allows them to stand up to the elements and last 1 0,000 years. Even if the unthinkable occurs, the sites isolation will help keep danger to a minimum. The other major factor making Yucca Mountain an ideal choice is the storage capacity of the site. Estimations state that 84,000 metric tons of waste will require storage by 2035 (Hansen, 2001 Even though Yucca Mountain only holds 70,000 metric tons, the majority of waste will be able to be safely stored. The large facility can double as a testing ground for new technologies, such as transmutation, and allow their incorporation into future storage sites. According to the National Research Council, Transmutation, the process of making nuclear waste less radioactive by extracting plutonium, allows isolation times to decrease significantly (as cited in Hansen, 2001). Since the finished product is safer, it can be securely stored closer to humans. The major drawback is the cost, with estimates saying the process would cost $280 billion according to a 1999 Department of Energy study (as cited in Hansen, 2001). However, the increased energy production created by the process will subsidize the cost. The other problem, according to the same 1999 Department of Energy study, is that the process would take 1 1 7 years to transmute the current American nuclear waste (as cited in Hansen, 2001). Continued research should help to decrease the cost and increase efficiency, allowing for even safer storage in the future. Nuclear energy is an important element of our electrical production. Unfortunately, nuclear waste is a necessary by-product requiring the utmost safety. An isolated location with many natural barriers is necessary for the safe storage of nuclear waste. Yucca Mountain best seems to fit the requirements for a repository. Critics feel that long and frequent transportation runs increase the likely hood of a disastrous leak. The containers used to ship the waste should prevent this from happening. Opponents feel that any leakage could result in danger to inhabitants of the region. However, the closest people to Yucca Mountain are 15 miles away. The deep rock should prevent any radioactivity from affecting the water evils, and the location of the mountain will make protection of the facility from terrorist mush easier.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Korea essays

Korea essays The Sun Is Setting on the Sunshine Policy Upon his inauguration in February 1998, President Kim Dae Jung initiated a groundbreaking process of engagement with North Korea called the "sunshine policy, h aimed at dispelling mutual distrust and hostility, while promoting peaceful co-existence between the two Koreas. Progress has been shown through tourist development at Mt. Kumgang and increased meetings of divided families, yet the positive aspects of the sunshine policy have recently been clouded by unforeseen actions taken by the Kim Jung Il regime in North Korea. Essentially the policy adopts the liberal institutionalism view that the utilization of institutions plays an important role in creating cooperation among the two nations. However, due to the ever increasing uncertainty of cooperation in the North, it is becoming clear that the sunshine policy is neither sufficient nor productive in ameliorating relations between the two Koreas and that perhaps South Korea should decide to implement a more realist approach i n policy-making which stresses security above all things. On July 27, 1953, the United States, North Korea and China signed an armistice in Panmunjeom, thus ending the Korean War. This settlement called for a temporary suspension of hostilities by agreement, a cease-fire, and a truce in hostilities, to allow for talks and negotiation regarding a real end to hostilities, and to possible reunification. By no means was this a peace treaty and even if it were, it is noted that South Korea refused to sign. Although the Korean War ended in 1953, conflict between the two countries remains to this day, especially in the vicinity of the Demilitarized Zone at the 38th parallel. The sunshine policy is an attempt to improve relations in accordance to the armistice. It is based on three central principles: non-tolerance of any military provocation by North Korea, the official abandonment of the idea of unification by abs...

Friday, November 22, 2019

Mecca Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mecca - Essay Example As the second most widely practiced religion in the world, hundreds of millions of Muslims have made the hajj to Mecca over the decades and centuries. IN addition to the pilgrimage that has thus far been described, there are many Islamic rituals that are associated with Mecca as well. First among these is the act of circling the Ka’ba seven times and kissing its cornerstone. Further, there is a ritual stoning of the devil that takes place during the pilgrimage as well. Finally, almost each and every Muslim that goes to Mecca drinks from the well of Zamzam; a well believed to have mystical properties. Finally, most pilgrims travel to Arafat; a small hill on which Muhammad is believed to have delivered his final sermon to his followers. Instead of representing rituals only, Mecca is meant to be a place in which Muslims draw upon their traditions and come to a greater and more profound determination of what sets them apart as a unique religious entity. In much the same way that Christians might travel to the Holy Land or to Rome, Muslims consider their pilgrimage to Mecca as a defining element of their faith (Amur 11). Yet, beyond merely religious significance, Mecca is a place in which Muslim families represent a level of solidarity together. Naturally, there are cases in which single individuals attend Mecca and the Hajj; however, the broad and overarching theme is for entire families to go there together. Although children are welcomed, it is traditionally observed that boys and girls attending their first Hajj should be at least in their early teens; not only so that they will remember it but so that it may have a lasting level of religious symbolism and importance to them. Further, the orientation of the city itself is very much fixated with the issues that have already been discussed. The entire city is positioned around tourism and the need to accommodate millions of individuals from around the globe and

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Sudan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sudan - Essay Example The government and the opposition had different views of what happened, and this resulted in divergent understanding of the cause of the problem. The government maintained that the international communitys failure to condemn a coup encouraged Machar. On the contrary, the opposition maintained that Kiir and some members of Dinka used the fight as an excuse to attack rivals and carry out atrocities against Nuer in Juba. The government was at the same time looking for strategies to maintain an internal cohesion, appropriate political reforms, and diversity management strategies since it was perceived to be Dinka-dominated. Both Kiir and Machar delegations were sent for peace talks in Ethiopia. The conflicts occurred as a result of attempts to control territories along the border between North and South. The North was fighting rebellions around its periphery in South Kordofan, Blue Nile, and Abyei (Fearon &Laitin, 2003). These are the same areas it fought against before South became independent. Conflicts in the areas resulted due to the presence of various armed rebels, which is much different from an economic warfare knowing the two nations focused on oil allocation. Thus, an agreement between North and South would not probably settle the conflicts at the border since the local populations were mobilized, and liberation movements formed. The CPA that had ended the 19 years civil war (1983-2005) was negotiated between the South Sudan movement SPLM/A, and Sudans ruling National Congress Party (NCP). This excluded other groups in both North and South. However, most groups from South were absorbed in the SPLM/A (Crisis Group interviews, 2013). During the critical period of CPA, most of the issues were not reconciled. Today, many communities in Sudan continue to align themselves with military factions. For this reason, the conflict has remained to be some sought of

Monday, November 18, 2019

Juwan howard case study (part B) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Juwan howard case study (part B) - Essay Example The concept is designed to give an overall picture of the operation. It is included primarily for additional clarity of purpose. Thus not only does it ensure precision it also makes implementations of new projects successful to a greater extent. However, despite that fact that highly useful information is made available through such a document, it has its limitations. Since the entire concept revolves around written material with no visible proof observed the message or purpose of such a document is not fully achieved. It is usually designed in situations where events occur simultaneously. In such circumstances, if one event would require changes or lead to changing of further events the entire study could be proved useless, which makes its relevance highly dubious. Also, the fact that it is concentrated on an individual viewpoint or confined to the vision of a group of people means that when taken to a more integrated level where opinions of various people are concerned a number of changes will have to be made in the actual scenario. Lastly, no matter how accurate one tries to develop operational scenarios they can always vary greatly as compared to the actual situation that may occur.

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Starbucks External Environment

Starbucks External Environment This report is prepared for Starbucks Coffee Company Starbucks by a Specialist Marketing Consultant, to analyse the strategic position for Starbucks in the Specialty Coffee Industry. It provides a summary of all the major findings and, explores various strategic options and recommendations for Starbucks in order to increase and maintain its competitive advantage within the industry. Starbucks is a global leading brand, well known for its specialty coffee. The coffee house does not only sell high-quality coffees, but also Italian style beverages, cold beverages, complimentary food items, premium teas and coffee-related accessories. It has further retained its competitive advantage by selling packaged coffees and teas, ready-to-drink beverages, ice creams and many other products in other retail stores such as supermarkets through licensing relationships. Key Findings: Starbucks is facing various issues, some of which include; Maintaining the Starbucks Experience for customers and not being seen as just a money making machine Store Expansion Competition from fast-food chains and other specialty coffee retailers Generating more demand Lowering input costs Key Recommendations: Based on the strategic findings, the report outlined several recommended strategic options, the mains ones of which are: To improve the subliminal and express aura of Starbucks by supporting more good causes and paying its proper taxes. To increase revenue at lower costs, Starbucks must try and search for more licensing relationships and expose the brand further. Existing stores could attract more customers, particularly after the morning peak times by offering non-coffee beverage options or products for specific groups such as retired people. The recommended policies will help to enhance and strengthen Starbucks market share in the specialty coffee industry. Background Information on Starbucks Coffee Company (Starbucks) Starbucks was incorporated in the year 1971 by its founding directors Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl and Gordon Bowker. The Company was set up to operate as a roaster and retailer of whole bean and ground coffee, tea and spices together with coffee making equipment in Pike Place Market in Seattle, Washington (Starbucks 2013b). In the year 1987, the original owners sold the Starbucks chain to former employee Howard Schultz, who is now the current Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Starbucks. Schultz re-branded his already existin II Giornale Coffee outlets as Starbucks and quickly began to expand (Grant 2010) as he believed that: From the beginning, Starbucks set out to be a different kind of company. One that not only celebrated coffee and the rich tradition, but that also brought a feeling of connection (Starbucks 2013a). Starbucks has truly developed a unique brand experience, one which is the most respected and recognized around the world (Starbucks Annual Report 2012). Today, it is known to be one of the largest and best established American global coffeehouse chains (Grant 2010). It has grown to have over 20,800 stores in over 60 countries, with the United States having the highest number of stores, followed by Canada. The UK has approximately 806 stores. However, countries like India, the second most populous country in the world, has only circa 8 stores (Loxcel Starbucks 2013). Critical Evaluation of the Porter Five Forces Concept All organisations need to understand the dynamics of their industries and markets in order to compete effectively and intensively in the market place. An American management writer Michael Porter came up with a framework called Porters Five Forces (Porter 2008). The framework analysis the attractiveness of an organisation and or/industry structure, determines the main external competitive threats, and assesses the extent to which the five forces are relevant to the organisation and/or industry (Hollensen 2003;Purcell 2013). The five fundamental competitive forces include (1) Rivalry, (2) Buyer Power, (3) Threat of Entry, (4) Supplier Power and (5) Threat of Substitutes (Porter 2008) (Figure1 Porters Five Forces Framework). These five forces, as explained above, aid an organisation to understand two strengths; The current competitive situation and, The strength of a position it would like to move into (Purcell 2013). Michael Porter simplified the micro-economic theory into the above five major influences. Each of these influences take into account demand and supply, corresponding products as well as substitutes, the relationship between volume and production and the cost of production, and the structure of the market such as oligopoly, monopoly etc. (Grundy 2006;Porter 2008). Apart from that, the value of information abstracted from the Framework analysis, assists to fuel three aspects of corporate planning; Statistical Analysis The attractiveness and profitability of an organisation/industry can be determined by using Porters Five Force Analysis, hence supporting decision making on whether to enter/exit from an industry or market segment (Porter 2008). Furthermore, the framework considers and takes into account the impact of competitive forces on the organization (RAPIDBI 2012) itself versus impacts on its competitors (Ketels 2006). Due to the availability of different resources and levels of competences, the competitors may have different reactions when there is a change in competitive forces, hence influencing the structure of the whole industry (Grundy 2006;Ketels 2006). Dynamical Analysis   A combination of both Porters Five Force Analysis and a PEST- Analysis (Political, Economical, Social, Technological), will disclose clues on how attractive the organisation/industry will be in the future (Porter 2008). This is because a change in Political, Economical, Socio-demographical and Technological aspects of organisations/industry can be influential on the five competitive forces and, hence will impact on the industry structure (Karagiannopoulos et al. 2005). Analysis of Options Improvement of an organisations own competitive position can be influenced by having some knowledge on both the degree of intensity and power of competitive forces (Recklies 2001). A new strategic direction can be derived from this such as new positioning in the market and differentiation for competitive products (Porter 2008). Accordingly, Porters Five Force Framework allows an organization to analyse the market structure and competitive situation in a more systematic and structured way (Recklies 2001). Once all relevant forces for that particular market are identified and analyzed, managers can find options that influence these forces, subject to the organizations interest (Grundy 2006;Ketels 2006;Recklies 2001). Recent research has shown that Porters Five Force Framework has got both strengths and weaknesses when used in todays dynamic environment, the main weakness highlighted has been the historic nature of its development (Grundy 2006). Cyclical growth in the 80s showed that the global economy had been fairly stable and predictable, compared to the current economy (Grundy 2006). Several limitations to the Porters Five Force Framework have been shown as; From the economic point of view, the framework is under the assumption that the market is perfect (Rivard et al. 2006). As a result, the framework will not be able to deliver meaningful insights on highly regulated industries (Grundy 2006)) . The applicability of the framework is more towards the analysis of simple market structures, rather than those which are in a much more complex industry (Grant 2010). As a result, the framework is limited to focusing on particular segments of such industries. This imposes an increased risk in omitting important elements (Grant 2010) . The framework assumption on having moderate static market structures makes it a non suitable framework for todays dynamic markets. Business models, entry barriers and relationships may change along the supply chain within a snapshot due to technological breakthroughs and dynamic market entrants (Karagiannopoulos et al. 2005). As a result, the framework could be a preferred model to be used at a later stage for analyzing new situations; however, it is limited to and perhaps not ideal to a certain extent to provide preventative actions (Rivard et al. 2006) . Porters Framework is based around the idea of competition, hence the name competitive forces. The assumption made by the framework is that a company will try to attain competitive advantage over the various players in the markets together with suppliers or customers (Aktouf et al. 2005). As a result of this, the framework only focuses on such aspect of strategy rather than taking into consideration the availability of strategic alliances, virtual enterprise- networks or others (Aktouf et al. 2005).    Overall, Porters Five Forces Framework has limitations because it does not take into consideration new business models and the dynamics of the market place (Recklies 2001). This report will now apply the Porters Five Force Framework to Starbucks Coffee Company (Starbucks) which is a large specialty coffee shop popular in most western countries such as the United States of America, United Kingdom and many others. Critical Analysis of Starbucks External Environment Within the rapidly changing global picture, companies and consumers are increasingly affected by global forces, represented as non-controllable. These forces are external environmental influences which must be monitored and responded to, on an ongoing basis by marketers, as they will lead to new opportunities and threats (Kotler 2007). An external environmental analysis, using the macro-economic PESTLE model was carried out for Starbucks and has been attached at Appendix 2 of this report. It can be seen from the analysis at Appendix 2 that there is currently a negative imbalance in Starbucks external influence matrix. This is because whilst the sociologic factors are favourable, whilst other factors such as Political, Economic and Legal show substantial threats. However, Starbucks has got some strengths that over-come some of these non-controllable influences from the external environment. It has built in flexibility to change, for example, agreeing to pay extra corporation tax in the UK, for the next two years (BBC News Business 2013), or relating to the closure of non-profit making stores, and lastly it has developed high powered management decision making process which ensures that is quick at exploiting opportunities (Patton 2012). Critical Analysis of Starbucks Business Environment Michael Porter (1985) posits that, in an attempt to find effective sources of competitive advantage, a thorough research should be conducted on the structure of the industry. In this case, an analysis of the speciality coffee industry can help to establish the strategic position Starbucks occupies and wishes to occupy. Porters Five Forces model is a useful tool in this regard. It shows how key elements have shaped the competition in the industry (Hill and Jones 2009). Buyer power In the specialty coffee industry today, consumers have wide access to different products at different prices with better quality services (Hunt et al. 2011). This practically means that individuals have the choice to easily switch from product to product, whichever is the preferred one. This is where Starbucks has an advantage; it decides on the prices of the drinks offered to its consumers, by taking into consideration the price-elasticity which is strongly influenced by loyalty to its brand and also current prices at rival stores (Grant 2010). Since Starbucks is known to be an up-market coffee shop with high quality, based on perception and offering vertically differentiated products it is very likely for it to be able to sell its products at high prices, hence leaving no room for price-negotiation with its customers (Grant 2010). Supplier power In 2008, Starbucks purchased its input goods from suppliers at a market price which was 23 per cent lower than it is now (Corporation, 2008) It also takes advantage of its size and benefits from economies of scale, however, this does not help Starbucks to increase its number of suppliers due to the circumstances within Starbucks own marketplace (Grant 2010). Prices are usually determined based on the demand and supply ratio, hence, with an increased level of competition (Kotler 2007), substitute suppliers are always available if Starbucks wishes to purchase at a different price point. Despite all the supplier conditions, Starbucks holds a better relationship status with its suppliers than most of its competitors (Starbucks, 2013). Threat of substitutes Product-for-product analysis together with an analysis of generic substitution is an important area to consider for Starbucks, since 14% of coffee drinkers have a favourable opinion for them (Rasmussen Reports 2011). The vast variety of the availability of different beverages such as soda, energy drinks, juices or water, in comparison to coffee, must be taken into consideration by Starbucks. However, this is not of a huge concern to Starbucks since it sells a large selection of these beverages within its stores, the biggest one being tea, a direct substitute to coffee. Starbucks has taken the initiative to sell this direct substitute product under its own Tazo ® Tea brand (Starbucks 2013). There is quite a concern when the threat of customers substituting away from Starbucks and going for direct competitors such as Cafà © Nero and Costa Coffee (for example in the UK) is considered. These direct competitors are hard to differentiate because they also truly pride themselves on customer services and on the quality of their speciality drinks. Large food chain competitors such as McDonalds are usually known as having a negative undertone of being cheap, often compromising on the quality of coffee. This has no effect on Starbucks targeted customer base (Grant 2010). Threat of entry The barriers to entry in the specialty coffee market, such as the one Starbucks operates in have increased. This has reduced the potential threat of new entrants (Patton 2012). The capital requirement for small coffee shops in this industry is relatively small as the shops require a small amount of floor space and not a high amount of technology is used, which is normally the biggest start-up cost. As a result the potential for more of these small coffee shops to enter the industry is still present (Articlesbase 2011). Industry Rivalry McDonalds and other fast food chains are key competitors which are diversifying their beverage menu. The direct competitors like Costa Coffee and Cafà © Nero compete on a much more of a parallel with Starbucks compared to the fast food chains, as they attract the same consumer base and offer similar products as in the way Starbucks does. Starbucks differentiates itself from other coffeehouses as it reaps higher margins from its specialty drinks. This is because it takes advantage of economies of scale and has a different cost structure in contrast with other competitors in the market. They pay less for the products bought in bulk, such as dairy goods, syrups, paper goods etc (Starbucks 10K 2010). Strategic Recommendation Whether Starbucks coffee has the actual quality to attract customers or whether there is just a perception of it being better than that of competitors has been the subject of much discussion on public media through many recent surveys and reviews. Irrespective of that, some possible strategies to be considered by Starbucks in order to maintain its market position are as follows: Strategy to renew the Starbucks brand name. To maintain a strong brand name, Starbucks will have to assure people that their coffee is better than all other beverages, be it McDonalds coffee or Costa Coffee; by introducing a more aggressive advertising campaign in order to educate and acquaint customers about the uniqueness that Starbucks quality offers as well as by diversifying advertising channels using internet, visual media etc instead of depending on employee-customer liaison (Starbucks, 2013) Product Differentiation Product differentiation is very vital in order to develop new flavour, blends and also roast fusions (Ross Gaddis, 2013) Starbucks should continue its coffee development program efforts through extensive research. This should continue to be done by providing free samples, at first, leading to launching the new product into all stores depending on what response it gets from the samples distributed (Porter, 2008) Due to the recession, consumers try to cut their spending and are less likely to buy a cup of coffee for  £2.50, and therefore, differentiation can be a useful tool to overcome economic downturns (Moon, 2010) Starbucks can promote new cost efficient products by selling them at lower prices, hence not affecting its luxury-premium status in the market. This strategy can help Starbucks retain its customers as well as intensify their brand name. Privilege Card and Rewards Program Starbucks Card program for consumers to reload credit online has been implemented in order to not only provide customers with rewards on online registering but also benefiting them with complementary beverages after a certain number of purchases, free refills as well as free syrup options (Starbucks, 2013). However, other competitors also have similar strategies for consumers and this leads Starbucks to offer distinct rewards in order to deliver incentives for coffee consumers as compared to its rivals. For instance, Starbucks could cooperate with airline companies and various large retail businesses so as to combine their rewards program with Starbucks (Hill Jones, 2010) Focus on the coffee Starbucks should also consider cost reduction as well as potential growth strategies especially at the time of economic downturn. For example, Starbucks has begun to invest in new businesses other than coffee, such as films, music and books (Starbucks, 2013) This has led Starbucks to incurring higher costs and lower profit margins but this can be prevented by focusing on different marketing techniques to reach a wider audience. In these recessionary times, involving itself in fewer businesses can help Starbucks cut down costs and more resources can be utilised to improve their core product, which is coffee (Moon, 2010) Efficient Store Expansion Decision The launch of more stores has had to be reduced or halted completely in order for Starbucks to survive at the time recession in the United States. In the year 2007, Starbucks opened about 1700 stores; today it has around 15000 stores and still aims to build the number of stores up to 40000 in the foreseeable future (Corporation, 2008) Taking into account its overall financial performance as well as the downfall in the economy, it is best if Starbucks focuses on renewing its brand and customer base rather than opening stores at present (Omer, 2008). The Starbucks Feel People enter a Starbucks store not just for a cup of coffee but also for the relaxed environment and the opportunity to de-stress for a while. The initiative to write customers names on their cups adds to this club atmosphere. This Starbucks feel needs to be further developed and sold to the customers. SECTION 6 References Aktouf, O., Chenoufi, M., Holford, W.D. 2005. The False Expectations of Michael Porters Strategic Management Framework. Problems Perspectives in Management (4) 181 available from: http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/19299836/false-expectations-michael-porters-strategic-management-framework Articlesbase 2011. The Initial Capital Investment in Starting a Coffee Shop Business. Articlesbase available from: http://www.articlesbase.com/entrepreneurship-articles/the-initial-capital-investment-in-starting-a-coffee-shop-business-5185126.html Accessed 18 April 2013. Business, N., 2011. www.bbc.co.uk. [Online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-20573208 [Accessed March 2013]. BBC News Business 2013. Starbucks rejects tax row threat after Cameron Speech. BBC News Business available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-21219823 Accessed 12 April 2013. Corporation, S., 2008. www.nytimes.com. [Online] Available at: http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/starbucks_corporation/index.html [Accessed 2013]. Grant, R.M. 2010. Contemporary Strategy Analysis: Text Only John Wiley Sons. Grundy, T. 2006. Rethinking and reinventing Michael Porters five forces model. Strategic Change, 15, (5) 213-229 available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsc.764 Hill, C. Jones, G., 2010. Strategic Management Theory. USA: South-Western Cencage Learning. Hill, C. Jones, G.R. 2009. Strategic Management: An Integrated Approach : Theory South-Western/Cengage Learning. Hollensen, S. 2003. Marketing management: a relationship approach Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Hunt, K.A., Durango, C.O., Fate, J. 2011. Cultural and Social Influences on the Perception of Beauty: A Case Analysis of the Cosmetics Industry. Journal of Business Case Karagiannopoulos, G.D., Georgopoulos, N., Nikolopoulos, K. 2005. Fathoming Porters five forces model in the internet era. info, 7, (6) 66-76 available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14636690510628328 Ketels, C.H.M. 2006. Michael Porter Competitiveness FrameworkRecent Learnings and New Research Priorities. Journal of Industry, Competition Trade, 6, (2) 115-136 available from: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=trueAuthType=athens,cookie,ip,urldb=bthAN=22555133site=ehost-live Kotler, P. 2007. Framework For Marketing Management, 3/E Pearson Education. Moon, H.-C., 2010. Porters Generic Strategies. In: Global Business Strategy. Singapore: World Scientific Publisher Limited, pp. 10-20. Omer, 2008. Porters Generic Model. Porters Model of Generic Competetive Strategies, 43(3), pp. 55-64. Patton, L. 2012. Starbucks Falls After Cutting Forecast Below Estimate. Bloomberg Businessweek available from: http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-07-26/starbucks-falls-after-cutting-fourth-quarter-profit-forec Accessed 15 April 2013. Porter, M., 2008. Competitive Strategy. 2nd ed. New York: The Free Press. Porter, M.E. 2008. THE FIVE COMPETITIVE FORCES THAT SHAPE STRATEGY. Harvard Business Review, 86, (1) 78-93 available from: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=trueAuthType=athens,cookie,ip,urldb=bthAN=28000138site=ehost-live Accessed 25 March 2013. Purcell, S. 2013. The Strategic Planning Process Part 1. Student Accountant Technical available from: http://www.accaglobal.com/en/student/qualification-resources/acca-qualification/acca-exams/p3-exams/exams-p33.html Accessed 31 March 2013. RAPIDBI 2012. Porters Five Forces for competitor anaysis and advantage. Porters Five Forces Competitor Analysis available from: http://rapidbi.com/porterfiveforces/ Accessed 24 April 2013. Rasmussen Reports 2011. Coffee Drinkers Buy Starbucks More But Like Dunkin Better. Rasmussen Reports available from: http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/lifestyle/general_lifestyle/february_2011/coffee_drinkers_buy_starbucks_more_but_like_dunkin_better Accessed 16 April 2013. Recklies, D. 2001. A Critique of the Critique of Porter. Porters Five Forces available from: http://www.themanager.org/Models/P5F_2.htm Accessed 21 April 2013. Rivard, S., Raymond, L., Verreault, D. 2006. Resource-based view and competitive strategy: an integrated model of the contribution of information technology to firm performance. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 15, (1) 29-50 available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2005.06.003 Ross, R. Gaddis, D., 2013. Product Differentiation. Strategic Management Journal , 34(5), pp. 509-532. Starbucks, 2013. www.starbucks.co.uk. [Online] Available at: http://starbucks.co.uk/ [Accessed April 2013]. Starbucks 2013. Starbucks Tea. Starbucks Corporation available from: http://www.starbucksstore.co.uk/tea/tea,en_GB,sc.html?cm_mmc=Google+UK-_-Brand-+Starbucks+Tea+(UK+Lang)+(Exact)-_-Starbucks+General-_-Starbucks+Generalgclid=CPbS6vPW17YCFXIPtAodmVgAgQ Accessed 18 April 2013. Starbucks 10K 2010. Starbucks Annual Report. Starbucks Corporation available from: http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/829224/000119312510266333/d10k.htm Accessed 19 April 2013. The Boston Globe 2008. Starbucks testing sales of 8-oz. cup of coffee for $1. The Boston Globe available from: http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2008/01/24/starbucks_testing_sales_of_8_oz_cup_of_coffee_for_1/ Accessed 18 April 2013. The New York Times 2008. Starbucks Plans Return to Its Roots. The New York Times available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/20/business/20sbux.html?scp=3sq=starbucksst=nyt_r=0 Accessed 19 April 2013.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

The Empire Strikes Back Essay -- French Revolution, French Society

France’s revolution of 1789-1799 destroyed the age-old monarchy, eliminated aristocratic privilege, and established the inalienable rights of all citizens. Dedication to the ideals of equality and freedom for all men is enshrined in the national motto, â€Å"libertà ©, à ©galite, fraternità ©.† Regardless of France’s longstanding commitment to the principles of liberty, contemporary social attitudes and policies have fallen far from the revolutionary ideal, particularly vis-à  -vis France’s burgeoning population of immigrants and their descendants. Despite its extensive and tortuous history of immigration, twenty-first century France remains vehemently committed to antiquated notions of citizenship and national belonging. France’s persistent refusal to acknowledge its de-facto multiculturalism has created a brutal cycle of marginalization, in which ethnic minorities are prevented from expressing their cultural identities and successfully in tegrating into mainstream French society. Immigrants from the Maghreb – a hilly, arid region in North Africa situated between the Atlas Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea – represent the largest segment of France’s considerable ethnic population. France is currently home to over 3.5 million foreigners, more than a million of whom are Magrà ©bins, primarily from Algeria and Morocco (Sekher 25). Contemporary Magrà ©bin immigration began in earnest in the years following World War II. After defeating Germany, the United States launched an ambitious program to revitalize the devastated economies of Western Europe and create dynamic markets for mass-produced American consumer goods. From 1948-1951, The European Recovery Program, commonly known as the Marshall Plan, provided unprecedented levels of developm... ...ologist Franà §ois Dubet notes, â€Å"Une socià ©tà © construite sur une à ©galità © des chances parfaitement juste pourrait, en mà ªme temps, à ªtre parfaitement inà ©galitaire† (qtd. in Rosello 237). To provide special benefits to minorità ©s visibles would undermine the egalitarian ideal of â€Å"republican assimilation† by treating them as more than equals. Such reverse discrimination would represent an unacceptable breach of the sacred credo of â€Å"libertà ©, à ©galite, fraternità ©.† Hence, minorità ©s visibles generally receive an insufficient level of social spending, with derelict public housing projects and minimal welfare payments the only programs currently providing benefits (Smith 176). Continued adherence to outdated concepts of citizenship therefore facilitates the separate and unequal treatment of minorità ©s visibles by concealing persecution under the guise of official equality.

Monday, November 11, 2019

True Colors: Carolyn Kalil’s Personality Assessment

Calm, happy, complex, practical, spontaneous – these are a few ways to describe one’s personality. Everyone has several different pieces to their personality, almost as a puzzle has many pieces that make up one big picture. Throughout time many individuals have come up with their own methods to analyze one’s personality. This essay will describe my understanding of Carolyn Kalil’s True Colors personality assessment and present evidence to support its accuracy. Kalil’s personality assessment has four possible outcomes. After taking the assessment one will be given a color; blue, green, gold, or orange. Each color resembles a different personality type. Some examples are calm, curious, organized, and active, respectively. After taking this assessment I found out that my personality is blue, which fits me. I prefer calm, harmonious relationships, working in groups, helping and nurturing others, along with well though decision making. The assessment asks a series of â€Å"would you rather† style questions. One of the questions, for example, is â€Å"When in a relationship I (a) prefer my partner to know that I love them without telling them, (b) tell my partner that I love them. After the assessment your results are generated with some information about your color. For best results, one must be truthful when answering the questions. Some people lack personality ethic, which is when one pretends to be likeable rather than showing their true colors (Lamberton, Minor&, 2010). Lacking personality ethic may give false results, such as how you want to be rather than how you really a re. I was a little shocked at the accuracy of the results. This pushed me to dig deeper to find more information on Kalil’s strategy. Carolyn Kalil’s study used analysis and interpretation, a common method in creating and evaluation surveys. She gathered her information and then assigned meaning to it which helped her to determine conclusions and give her findings significance. Her independent variables were the personality types listed above. Her depended variables were â€Å": 1) Feeling, Thinking, Judging, and Perceiving from the MBTI, 2) the General Occupational Themes of Social, Investigative, Conventional, and Realistic from the SII, and 3) the Orientation Scales of Helping, Analyzing, Organizing, Producing, and Adventuring dimensions of the CISS. (Kalil, 1998). Instrumentation Carolyn Kalil used two instruments when developing her True Colors personality assessment. These instruments were character cards and words clusters. The character cards consisted of an individual ranking four cards, each of which represents one of the four personality types (Krathwohl, 1998). This test appeals more to the blue and gold personalities. The word clusters required the individual to rank a list of adjectives one a scale of 1 to 4 with 4 being most like the individual and 1 being least like them (Krathwohl, 1998). Obviously, this test was self-scored. This test appeals more to the green and orange personalities. Result Kalil operated on the principal of convergent validity. This means that her assessments are related to what they should, in theory, be related to (Lowry, 1990). An example of this would be similarities among test scores. This is because one assumes if you’re taking a test then you should have certain knowledge for that subject, resulting in a high test score. Although the subjects for both instruments were male and female, no gender differences were found in Kalil’s studies, (other personality assessments such as the Strong Interest Inventory or the Campbell Interest Skill and Survey did, however, show strong differences between genders) concluding that gender does not affect personality types (Lowry, 1990). Kalil found that personality types do change over time and may be influenced by outside factors such as the environment in which they are testing or their current mood (Kalil, 1998).

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Bullying within secondary schools and education

This essay is traveling to look at strong-arming within instruction, concentrating chiefly upon secondary schools, looking at the different types of intimidation, the effects intimidation has on the victims and the toughs and what the schools and the authorities have done and are making to forestall strong-arming within schools and instruction. The UK Government defines strong-arming as ; â€Å" Repetitive, wilful or relentless behavior intended to do injury, although one – off incidents can in some instances besides be defined as intimidation ; internationally harmful behavior, carried out by an person or a group and an instability of power go forthing the individual being bullied experiencing defenceless. Bullying is emotionally or physically harmful behavior and includes ; name – naming, teasing, mocking, doing violative remarks, kicking, hitting, forcing, taking properties, inappropriate text messaging and emailing, directing violative or degrading images by phone or via the cyberspace, gossipmongering, excepting people from groups and distributing hurtful and untruthful rumor † . ( HOC 2007:7-8, Frederickson et al 2008:176-177 ) . Bullying takes many signifiers. It can be physical intimidation, this is when a kid is being pushed, beaten or thumped by bare custodies. It can affect a arm and menaces. Bullying can besides be verbal and emotional, racial or sexual. Elliott ( 1997a:2 ) â€Å" it would look that male childs are more likely to be physical in intimidation, while misss tend to be cruel verbally † . Research by Olweus ( 1993:19 ) indicates that â€Å" misss are more frequently exposed to harassment such as slandering, the spreading of rumors and exclusion from the group instead than physical onslaughts † . Olweus ( 1993 ) continues â€Å" it must be emphasised that these gender differences are general and that is some schools, misss are besides expose to physical intimidation † ( Olweus 1993:19 ) . In more recent times at that place have been instances in the UK in which misss have violently and sharply attacked other misss. An illustration of this was â€Å" 14 twelvemonth old mis s was cornered in the resort area by a pack of 10 male childs and misss. She was stripped to the waist and had to implore on her articulatio genuss to acquire her apparels back. She was pushed, punched and had her hair pulled. ‘Tell and you ‘ll acquire worse ‘ was the farewell words from one of the misss. The victim did non state until they did it once more and took exposure. When her female parent confronted the school, she was told it was merely ‘horseplay ‘ . The victim, who attempted self-destruction after the latest incident, was transferred to another school in which she is now booming † . ( Elliott 1997b:1 ) , this incident had a more positive stoping, which is non ever the instance. There have besides been deceases caused by strong-arming within schools, chiefly in secondary schools. An illustration of this was in â€Å" 2000 a 15 twelvemonth old school miss committed suicide after being bombarded with anon. calls on her nomadic phone, th e inquest into her found that she was being bullied through her nomadic phone – ‘Mobile Phone Bullying/Cyber Bullying ‘ † ( The Independent, 2000 ) . The incidence of misss being violent does look to be increasing and is a tendency that must be viewed with concern, as female toughs, particularly in groups or ‘gangs ‘ are acquiring merely as violent if non more violent so male toughs. Surveies show that strong-arming takes topographic point in every type of school. Surveies on strong-arming within schools day of the month back to the 1980 ‘s, were the first UK countrywide study was conducted by Kidscape from 1984 to 1986 with 4000 kids aged 5 to 16. The study revealed that â€Å" 68 per cent of the kids had been bullied at least one time ; 38 per cent had been bullied as least twice or had experienced a peculiarly bad incident ; 5 per cent of the kids felt it had affected their lives to the point that they had tried self-destruction, had run off, refused to travel to school or been inveterate sick † ( Elliott and Kilpatrick 1996 ) . Subsequent surveies have found really similar consequences. Research workers at Exeter University questioned 5500 kids aged 13 and found â€Å" that 26 per cent of male childs and 34 per cent of misss had been afraid of toughs sometime in their lives † ( Balding 1996 ) . Strong-arming calls to ChildLine are turning at a rapid rate, ChildLine ( 2006 ) â€Å" counselled 37,032 kids about strong-arming between 1st April 2005 to 31st March 2006. A farther 4018 called ChildLine for other grounds but went on to speak about intimidation. Every Month ChildLine counsels more than 3,000 immature people about intimidation, that is a one-fourth ( 23 % ) of all calls to the services. One country of turning concern is homophobic strong-arming † . ( ChildLine 2006 ) . Bullying is non merely a UK job, it happens throughout the universe. Olweus ( 1993:19 ) has been researching the job of strong-arming in Norway since 1973 ; â€Å" he estimated that one in seven students in Norse schools has been involved in bully/victim jobs † ( Olweus 1993 ) . Similar findings in other states indicate that if grownups are willing to listen and look into, kids will state them that strong-arming is one of the major jobs kids face during their school old ages. There are different signifiers of strong-arming behavior that has been identified, such as indirect and direct, as affecting persons or groups, verbal and physical. It is by and large agreed that the most common signifier of intimidation is verbal maltreatment is and name naming, followed by assorted other signifiers of physical intimidation such as ; gender, gender and ethnicity. The chief types of strong-arming within school, particularly within secondary schools, these are physical school intimidation, emotional/verbal school intimidation, electronic intimidation or Cyber – intimidation and sexual/homophobic intimidation. Physical intimidation is when an single bully or a group of toughs physical harm their victim, illustrations of this type of strong-arming are pluging, jostling and slapping, and this can besides be direct intimidation. Emotional/Verbal school intimidation is when a bully or toughs use hapless and violative linguistic communication. Examples of emotional intimidation includes the spreading of bad rumors about their victims, maintaining their victims out of a ‘group ‘ , badgering the victim in agencies ways and cursing them, acquiring other people/bullies to ‘gang up ‘ on the victims, name naming, torment, aggravation, torturing, whispering to another/others in forepart of the victim, walking in groups around school and maintaining secrets off from a so – called friend ( s ) . Electronic intimidation or cyber intimidation is when strong-arming happens online or electronically. It occurs when the bully or toughs bully their victims through the cyberspace, nomadic phones or other electronic agencies and devices. Examples of this type of strong-arming are directing mean spirited text messages, electronic mails and instant messages, posting inappropriate images, messages about their victims in web logs, on web sites or societal networking sites and utilizing person else ‘s user name to distribute rumors or prevarications about their victims. Sexual bullying/homophobic intimidation is any of the above intimidation behavior, which is based on a victim ‘s gender or gender. It is when gender or gender is used as a arm by male childs or misss towards their victims, although it is more normally directed at misss. This type of intimidation can be carried out to the victim ‘s face, behind their dorsum or through the usage of engineering ( cyber intimidation ) . However, it is besides argued that â€Å" sexist intimidation or torment in school is often dismissed as unoffending or legitimised as portion of the normal procedure of gender socialization, and that it is a signifier of maltreatment engaged in by male instructors and male students likewise † ( Stainton Rogers 1991:207 ) . Furthermore, sexual torment, of a physical every bit good as verbal sort, has been described as â€Å" portion of the ‘hidden course of study ‘ of many carbon monoxides – educational schools † ( Drouet 1993 ) . Indeed, Duncan ( 1999:128 ) presents a complex scenario in relation to what he footings ‘gender maltreatment ‘ in schools. â€Å" In deconstructs strong-arming as a manifestation of gender struggle ‘in the chase of a coveted sexual individuality ‘ † . He concludes that â€Å" both misss and male childs can follow a assortment of active and inactive functions in relation to intimidation, but that sexualised nature of much gender maltreatment serves to remind misss that power is gendered. The menace of colza was identified as a possible countenance against misss who do non conform to male outlooks: ‘rape may be ( relatively ) rare but physical and sexual assault are non and the lower scope of conflictual sexualised gender patterns keeps that menace alive on a day-to-day footing ‘ . Some school misss have identified sexual assault and even ravish within their apprehension ( and perchance experience ) of strong-arming † . ( Duncan 1999:12 8 ) . The permeant nature of homophobic maltreatment in schools has been widely commented upon, whether the intended mark is known to be cheery, or non. There is grounds to propose that â€Å" homophobic maltreatment serves to ‘police ‘ gender individualities, and set up norms of sexual behavior and gender individuality † ( Mac An Ghaill, 1989:273 – 286, Douglas et Al, 1997 ) Rivers ( 1996:19 ) argues that a â€Å" important characteristic of homophobic intimidation is the badness of the maltreatment. In a retrospective survey of cheery work forces and tribades ‘ experience of intimidation, one homosexual adult male reported holding been raped by a instructor, others reported holding their apparels set alight, and being burnt with coffin nails while being held down. One tribade reported holding been raped by a male student and another of holding been dragged around the playing field by her hair † ( Rivers 1996:19 ) Other types of intimidation are gender intimidation which could be linked straight to sexual and homophobic intimidation and another type of strong-arming that is increasing is racist strong-arming or racial torment, figure of surveies on the relationship between strong-arming and racism. However at that place appears to be some ambivalency refering the conceptualization of racialist intimidation. Tizard et Al ( 1988:2 ) , for illustration, â€Å" study that name – naming associating to physical visual aspect, personal hygiene and race represented the three most frequent signifiers of ‘teasing ‘ reported among 7 twelvemonth olds † ( Tizard et al 1988:2 ) Loach and Bloor ( 1995:18 – 20 ) and Siann ( 1994:123 – 134 ) argue that â€Å" intimidation can work as a ‘cover ‘ for racism † . A study by the Commission for Racial Equality ( 1988 ) , describes assorted instance surveies of what is defined as ‘racial torment ‘ in schools. Regardless of the nomenclature used, Gillborn ( 1993 ) argues that â€Å" racism in schools reflects a wider and racially structured society, and accordingly, racialist maltreatment carries excess weight † . In footings of prevalence, Kelly and Cohn ‘s ( 1988 ) study of first ( twelvemonth 7 ‘s ) and Fourth Year ( twelvemonth 10 ‘s ) students in school in Manchester found that two – tierces of students said that they had been bullied. Racist name – naming was recorded as the 3rd most common signifier of strong-arming. In recent study of Black and cultural minority student in chiefly white schools, â€Å" 26 % said that they had experienced racially opprobrious name – naming during the old hebdomad, while at school, or while going to and from school † ( Cline et al 2002:1 ) . However, it is common with many studies on intimidation, that it is likely that racist strong-arming or torment is under – reported. There is some argument in the literature refering both the value and cogency of placing typical ‘victim ‘ or ‘bully ‘ features. Stainton Roger ( 1991 ) for illustration, argues that â€Å" any kid can be a bully or a victim, and that neither denotes an single abnormal psychology: ‘bullying is a brooding pattern † . Basically what is being said is that immature people who get bullied are making victims and those victims are making toughs or are going toughs themselves. On the other manus, Sharp et Al ( 2002:139 ) â€Å" claim that some kids are more likely to fall into a bully function or victim function, and that is how kids learn to pull off aggression and averment in interpersonal accomplishments represents a cardinal contributory factor † ( Sharp et al 2002:139 ) Olweus ( 1993:19 ) described toughs as â€Å" physically stronger and victims as holding features that differed from the norm, for illustration in visual aspect sporting or academic ability † . Boulton and Underwood ( 1992: 73 – 87 ) besides found that â€Å" kids who perceived themselves to be different in some manner, felt more vulnerable to strong-arming † ( NSPCC 2003:20 ) . Olweus ( 1984:58 ) found that â€Å" about 20 per cent of toughs were besides victims, and that they represented a peculiarly disturbed group † . Others have claimed that â€Å" some kids fall neither into the victim nor bully category and that they therefore provide a utile ‘normative contrast ‘ with which to analyses strong-arming and victim behavior † ( Schwartz 1993 and Glover et al 1998 ) . The effects that strong-arming has on both the bully and particularly the victim can be life altering, in a negative manner and have severe effects non merely short term, strong-arming can besides hold a long term consequence on the victims. The effects of strong-arming have been said to be really serious, it has been reported that â€Å" about 10 kids in the UK kill themselves each twelvemonth because their lives have been made so suffering by being subjected to strong-arming † ( NSPCC 2009 ) . There are many effects of intimidation, these are include experiencing down and sad most of the clip, holding kiping jobs such as insomnia or holding incubuss, non desiring to travel to school, non eating or over eating, enduring from tummy achings and concerns, experience less confident and besides lose their ego assurance and halt believing in themselves, experience unhappy and suffering which will ensue in basking life less. The longer the victim is subjected to strong-arming will l ikely in bend become a bully themselves, it will take longer for the victim to retrieve from it and may go on to destruct the ego assurance of the victim, taking to possible self-destruction. In 1999 Kidscape conducted the first of all time retrospective study of grownups to detect if intimidation at school affected those who had been bullied in ulterior life. The study showed that being severely bullied as a kid had a dramatic, negative, strike hard – on consequence throughout life. The extended study of over 1000 grownups, showed that â€Å" strong-arming affects non merely your ego – regard as an grownup, but your ability to do friends, win in instruction, and in work and societal relationships. About half ( 46 per cent ) of those who were bullied at secondary school contemplated suicide compared with merely 7 per cent of those who were non bullied. The bulk of the grownups reported feeling angry and acrimonious now about the intimidation they suffered at school as kids. Most standard no aid at the clip to halt the intimidation and stating either made the blustery worse or had no consequence. Of the 1044 grownups who took portion in the study 828 were bu llied at school and 216 were non and of those bullied 70 per cent were adult females and 30 per cent were work forces and of those who were non bullied, 49 per cent were adult females and 51 per cent were work forces † ( Kidscape 1999:1 ) . However, jobs may happen if the school fails to recognize and decide intimidation within school, whereby a kid may go at hazard of truanting and detachment from instruction, which could so take to the hazard of ego harming and possible self-destruction. Should a kid non see an educational experience supportive of constructing resiliency against intimidation, so those exposed to strong-arming can turn to person before it is excessively late. The importance of instruction as a preventive step against intimidation will be discussed along with how instruction is delivered to those kids who are enduring at the custodies of toughs. The Government has made undertaking intimidation in schools a cardinal precedence and the Department for Children, Schools and Families ( DCSF ) has made it clear that no signifier of intimidation should be tolerated. Strong-arming in schools should be taken really earnestly, as it is non a normal portion of turning up and it can and will destroy lives. It is mandatory for schools to hold steps in topographic point to promote good behavior and regard for others on the portion of students, and to forestall all signifiers of intimidation. The DCSF supports schools in planing their anti – intimidation policies and their schemes to undertake intimidation, by supplying comprehensive, practical counsel paperss. Regional advisors with expertness in the field of strong-arming are besides on manus to assist schools implement the counsel and pull on best patterns. Teachers can assist to cut down strong-arming both by the manner they teach and by what they teach. In footings of attacks to learning, although it may look obvious, it may be helpful to see learning attacks along a spectrum with, at one extreme attack which actively promote strong-arming and at the other 1s which specifically seek to forestall intimidation. An illustration of actively advancing intimidation is whenever a instructor intentionally humiliates a student, and so the instructor is rather merely prosecuting in strong-arming. It truly does non count to the student whether the purpose is simply to exercise control or derive personal satisfaction. It would be pleasant to presume that this sort of instructor intimidation was something that merely happened in the yesteryear. Unfortunately most secondary school students, at least, will state you that in their school there are one or two instructors who on a regular basis use bullying, irony, minimizing or harassment towards stud ents, and that most instructors, on occasions, will fall back to this sort of behavior ( Lawson 1994 ) , demoing the students that it is acceptable to bully others. The contrast from ‘actively – promote strong-arming ‘ is strong-arming – preventative instruction. This is an attack to learning which is watchful to and aware of the status which makes some students vulnerable and avoids backing these. This is about handling all students with a degree of regard and avoiding doing gags at the disbursal of the weakest. It is about non lending to a student ‘s exposure, about non puting up victims. It is besides approximately moving as a good function theoretical account, as person who does no misapply the power they have. More proactively strong-arming – preventative instruction is about publically admiting that strong-arming is non acceptable, seting it specifically on the docket within the secondary school and in the schoolroom, and making chances which will assist staff and students to develop schemes to antagonize strong-arming. Overall what is needed is to alter the manner that students behave towards each ot her. To make this the pupils themselves must desire to alter and they need schemes and they must cognize how to alter. The 1996 Education Act placed duty on caput instructors for subject and behavior in schools, and in 1994 the Department for Education encouraged caput instructors, in audiences with their government organic structures, staff and parents, to develop ‘ whole school ‘ behaviour policies and attacks which are clearly understood by students, parents and the school staff. The counsel recommended that schools should besides hold an anti – intimidation policy ; ‘School staff must move and significantly be seen to move steadfastly against strong-arming whenever and wherever it appears. School behaviour policies and the associated regulations of behavior should, hence, make specific mention to strong-arming. Regulating organic structures should on a regular basis reexamine their school ‘s policy in strong-arming. School prospectuses and other paperss issued to parents and students should do it clear that strong-arming will non be tolerated. Prospectuss should bes ides explicate agreements through which students troubled by strong-arming can pull their concerns to the attending of staff in the assurance that these will be carefully investigated and, if substantiated, taken earnestly and acted upon. â€Å" Individual members of staff must be watchful to marks of intimidation and act quickly and steadfastly against it. Failure to describe incident may be interpreted as excusing the behavior † ( Elliott 1997c:118 ) . In more recent times, when a secondary school utilizations SEAL ( Social and Emotional Aspects of Learning ) , if used efficaciously it contributes to the work secondary schools are making to cut down intimidation. â€Å" When a school implements SEAL efficaciously across the whole school it establishes strong foundations to its work to forestall intimidation. At the nucleus of SEAL are the societal and emotional accomplishments, which are all of import because high degrees of these accomplishments create societal clime that does non digest strong-arming behavior † ( DCSF 2007 ) The partnership between ChildLine and Schools is a recent enterprise, called CHIPS which was established by ChildLine taking to work straight in schools, young person nines and other scenes with kids and immature people across the UK. In 2007/2008 CHIPS â€Å" worked with more than 66,000 kids and immature people across more than 700 primary schools and secondary schools and about 100 particular schools and young person groups, to back the position that kids and immature people can assist each other, can play a portion in doing alterations to better their ain lives, and have a right to be listened to and respected. CHIPS provides a scope of services from awareness raising assemblies, workshops covering with strong-arming issues, to puting up peer support strategies, that encourage kids and immature people to back up each other † ( NSPCC 2008 ) , all of those services are done within the schools. There are many deductions when it comes to enterprises and proviso, the first is less attending appears to hold been paid to kids ‘s support needs during periods of passage, for illustration between primary school and secondary school. Children frequently fear strong-arming at points of passage in their lives, or at peculiar turning points, for illustration, during the move from primary to secondary school. Children in their last twelvemonth of primary school may be seen as the ‘leaders ‘ of their school. Primary schools are by and large smaller, both in the cloth of the edifice and in the size of the school population. Secondary schools are, by contrast, often viewed as fearfully big topographic points, where fledglings represent the lowest round of a long ladder. Children who change schools as a consequence of traveling place may besides experience vulnerable to strong-arming. It would therefore seem utile for more research to be conducted on the support demands o f kids as they learn the ropes of their new environment. Another deduction is doing certain that all schools have an anti – intimidation policy within school and that it is used efficaciously and at all staff knows how to utilize it. Some of these surveies were prompted by the concerns raised by parents and students that anti – intimidation policies and schemes were holding a limited consequence ) . This shows that â€Å" following an anti – intimidation policy is non plenty ; policies need to be efficaciously implemented and sustained over the long term † ( Glover et al, 1998 ) . Parents and instructors is another deduction as they are non seen to be working together or non working together every bit much as they should. It is every kid ‘s democratic right to go to school in safely. As instruction is one of the really few compulsory activities that parents and the authorities enforce onto kids, it involves all grownups, in whatever capacity, to guarantee that this is possible. Parent and instructors, being the most closely involved have the most valuable function to play. â€Å" Parents are frequently highly dying to hold a bang-up state of affairs quickly resolved and so will offer the highest degree of committedness. Their degree of hurt can frequently be reduced by ask foring them to go actively involved in any program as feelings of weakness may be increasing their concern † ( Besag 1992:155 ) . It may be easier for the victim to confide in a instructor instead than in their parents who are frequently bewildered by the kid ‘s reluctance to discourse the affair and refusal of their offers of aid. The state of affairs in such instances remains shrouded in enigma, and parents rely to a great extent on instructor to back up the kid and communicate with them suitably. Another deduction is when a parent does non experience that the school of their bullied kid has non dealt with the intimidation in an effectual manner and stopped it, and they withdraw their kid from the school where the kid is acquiring bullied and either traveling them to another school or even educating the kid at place, this may hold a negative consequence on the victim, as if they attended a new school, they would hold to do new friend and at that place in non certainty that they will non acquire bullied at the new school, it will besides hold an consequence on the kid ‘s instruction because they may possible be at different phases in the course of study at the new school compared to the school that they were antecedently at. If the parent ‘s of the bullied kid decide to educate their kid at place, they would hold to screen out stuffs and resources themselves, and this could take clip and money. Parents should be warned that if they decide to educate their kid at pla ce, they have opted out of the province instruction system and should non anticipate any aid in educating their kid from the LEA ( Local Education Authority ) . Under the Education Act 1996, â€Å" parents have a legal responsibility to guarantee that their kid receives an efficient full clip instruction suited to the kid ‘s age, ability and aptitude, whether this be at school or otherwise in some sort of instruction † . ( Elliott 1997d: 124 ) . The barriers to education both before and after the point at which a kid is bullied set out above can be institutionally specific, but it is besides clear that some barriers and some of the jobs of proviso troubles around reintegration are dependent on authorities policies and the wider educational system. For about two decennaries, strong-arming in schools has attracted the involvement and concern of authoritiess and policy shapers. In the late 1980s a public question was launched into boisterous behavior in schools, the consequence of this question was the Elton Report ( 1989 ) . The Report highlighted the issue of intimidation, and â€Å" suggested that a positive school ethos provides the indispensable factor in easing academic success and positive student dealingss. A ‘positive school ethos ‘ has, nevertheless, proven a hard construct to specify or quantify. Alternatively, research has tended to concentrate on the comparative virtues of different attacks or ‘interventions ‘ designed to cut down or forestall intimidation † ( Mackinnon et al 1995:43 ) . In the 1990s an extended research funded by the DfEE, indicated that intimidation was far more prevailing in some schools than others, and that the grounds for this form could non ever be attributed to individual cause ( such as societal want, or geographical location ) . Some schools were besides shown to be more effectual than others at presenting and prolonging anti – intimidation work. Despite these complexnesss, the research provided much needed grounds on â€Å" what had up till now remained a mostly concealed phenomenon, and provided the footing for the authorities ‘s first major effort to supply schools with grounds – based research on effectual anti – intimidation schemes † ( DfE 1994, DfEE 2000 ) . About a decennary subsequently, strong-arming continues to stand for an of import issue for public policy, non least because of the links between strong-arming, academic underachievement and mental wellness jobs Guidance issued to â€Å" teacher and school governors highlights their responsibility to forestall all signifiers of intimidation: ‘the emotional hurt caused by strong-arming in whatever signifier – be it racial, or as a consequence of a kid ‘s visual aspect, behavior or particular educational demands, or related to sexual orientation, can prejudice school accomplishment, lead to lateness or hooky, and in utmost instances, terminal with self-destruction, low study rates should non themselves be taken as cogent evidence that strong-arming is non happening ‘ † ( DFEE, 1999:24- 25 ) . The National Healthy School Standard ( DfEE 1999 ) besides recommended the â€Å" development of anti – strong-arming enterprises as portion of a whole – school attack to raising educational criterions, bettering the wellness of kids and immature people, and cut downing societal exclusion † . The DfES has besides announced that, as portion of the authorities ‘s national behavior and attending scheme, counsel and preparation will be offered to all secondary schools on undertaking strong-arming from September 2003. However, while the ‘whole school attack ‘ might be interpreted as repeating the impression of a ‘school ethos ‘ , in other respects the issue of strong-arming appears to be beset by a figure of tensenesss in policy. Students, who are excluded for 15 yearss or more, now receive full – clip instruction. Nevertheless, schools continue to be engaged in the hard undertaking of striking a balance between protecting the vict ims of intimidation ( through the usage of lasting or impermanent exclusions ) , and go toing to the public assistance of students who bully others. A figure of ratings have been undertaken of the impact of school policies on intimidation, and of the comparative effectivity of different sorts of intercessions. Some of these surveies were prompted by the â€Å" concerns raised by parents and students that anti – intimidation policies and schemes were holding a limited consequence † ( Glover et al 1998:120 ) . The grounds shows that â€Å" following an anti – intimidation policy is non plenty ; policies need to be efficaciously implemented and sustained over the long term † ( Glover et al, 1998:222 ) . In peculiar, available research indicates that: â€Å" school broad policies decline in effectivity over a 2 – 3 twelvemonth period, after which clip intimidation additions † ( Sharp et al 2002:139 ) , â€Å" decreases in strong-arming are easier to accomplish in relation to its milder manifestations, but that more terrible signifiers of strong-arming are harder to act upon and even with an effectual anti intimidation policy in topographic point, about 5 per cent of kids will endure from terrible strong-arming at secondary school. † Including the subject of strong-arming within the school course of study has won widespread support. Assorted facets if the course of study offers range for turn toing intimidation, for illustration, â€Å" as an component of personal societal and wellness instruction, or English, play, history or RE † ( Cowie and Sharp 1994:85 ) There is besides grounds to â€Å" back up the development of anti – male chauvinist and anti – racialist policies alongside anti – intimidation policies, and besides within a whole school model † ( Roland, 1989, Gillborn 1993 ) . It is clear that there are deductions to any enterprises or commissariats that even those created by the authorities. Despite the being of anti – intimidation policies, kids express a go oning reluctance to state grownups, parents or instructors, about their experiences when it comes to strong-arming. Children ‘s reluctances to speak to grownups about strong-arming have been attributed to their deficiency of religion in grownup ‘s ability to halt the intimidation. A survey undertaken by Glover et Al ( 1998:159 ) reported a â€Å" figure of different grownups responses perceived by kids as helpful or non so helpful. Staff who communicated that steadfast action would be taken against strong-arming were valued, peculiarly during the passage from primary to secondary school. other helpful responses were identified as instructors acquiring to cognize who the problem shapers were, maintaining an oculus on victims, supplying information during assemblies and showing the difference between strong-arming and ‘mucking about ‘ during category. Adult responses were described as counter – productive if they were perceived by kids to be unsuitably forceful. Traveling victims to another category was besides described as unhelpful because victims were so obliged to do new friends. ‘Telling ‘ grownups about strong-arming entailed a figure of hazards, including loss of control over how the ailment was later handled † . Another issue about kids ‘s reluctance to ‘tell ‘ may besides be attributed to kids ‘s ain codification of behavior, which they could be looking to be ‘telling narratives ‘ to instructors or other grownups in places of authorization. â€Å" Children besides express reluctance to confide in their parents, because they feel ashamed, rejected, obliged to demo self – trust, and do non desire to worry their parents † ( Besag 1989:155 ) . They may besides fear that their parents will over respond to strong-arming. It is apparent from the research that there are still many factors that assist in the increasing figure of kids and immature people being bullied within secondary school, and they are non having the support and counsel that they should be having from their schools and the support that they do have is limited. The literature reveals that the demands if these immature people are really complex: therefore they could non be addressed by one individual enterprise or Government policy. Olweus ( 1993:19 ) advises that â€Å" more research is needed to happen out why kids engage in anti – societal behavior and intimidation and the effects of those who are bullied and recommends that more longitudinal research should be carried out † . This thought would assist to develop effectual enterprises that can both cut down intimidation and raise engagement in instruction for all from the oncoming. Longitudinal research besides proves advantageous in measuring how good current Governmen t enterprises are working to cut down offense. The current enterprises aimed to undertaking intimidation and educational detachment of both the bully and the victim set out by the Labour Government look to be working, but they are limited to certain social/ethnic groups and schools, granted these societal groups are the 1s most in demand, but it is possible that kids of other social/ethnic groups and schools are being missed. It is pointed out by the TES ( 2005 ) that national jobs need to be tackled nationally, whereby these inducements need implementing in more countries in order to be wholly successful. With respects to kids who are being bullied, it is evident that schools have improved on seeking to forestall intimidation over the twelvemonth and so has the possible to supply support and counsel every bit good as high quality instruction to those affected by any type of intimidation ; nevertheless the figure of negative promotion of schools non making plenty to forestall strong-arming within school and immature people perpetrating self-destruction because of intimidation and harder penalties to those who do bully, has a important impact of those kids who are victims to strong-arming. Some of the jobs may be caused by the kid and some caused by the school and authorities policies, extra research needs to be carried out to do the differentiation between policy failure and the single failure. It appears that hapless communicating and uncertainness about duties from the footing of many jobs throughout schools and the bar of intimidation and bound any possible advancement. It is hence apprehensible why certain bureaus have called for one individual authorization to be responsible for the victims of intimidation and besides those who cause the intimidation, the bully/bullies. However in order to turn to the complex and multiple demands of both the toughs and the victims it could be said that legion bureaus need to be involved, given that each one has expertise in certain countries, it is hence suggested that the Government implement a new system to work out the communicating job. This would profit a important sum of people, in peculiar those who are victims of intimidation, who suffers in legion ways because information sing their background and besides what has been go oning to them and what bar steps are non passed on to relevant bureaus. Overall the essay has highlighted the factors that put immature people at hazard of both educational detachment and intimidation ; and demonstrated how easy each of these factors overlaps. The importance of instruction as a protective and preventive step against intimidation has been highlighted. However, it has besides been pointed out that certain kids do non profit from the positive facets of instruction and go on to bully others. In order to better educational battle and cut down strong-arming within school, particularly secondary schools, extra research needs to be carried out in order to turn to how educational enterprises and policies impact on alienation. On a more local degree the importance of effectual communicating and support in each single school demands to be addressed, its betterment would be of great benefit to all those involved, chiefly the victims and their households.ReferencingBalding, J. ( 1996 ) Bully Off: Young Peoples Who Fear Traveling to School, School Hea lth Education Unit. Exeter University. Besag, V E ( 1989 ) Bullies and Victims in Schools: A usher to Understanding and Management. Milton Keynes: Open University Press pp155 Boulton, M and Underwood, K. ( 1992 ) Bully/Victim Problems Among Middle School Children. British Journal of Educational Psychology 62: 73 – 87 ChildLine ( 2006 ) Strong-arming Calls to ChildLine Grow 12 Per Cent ( Online ) Available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nspcc.org.uk/whatwedo/mediacentre/pressreleases/29_august_2006_bullying_calls_to_childline_grow_12_per_cent_wdn38326.html ( Accessed on 19 March 2010 ) Cline, T. De Abreu, G. Fihosy, C. Gray, H. Lambert, H and Neale, J. ( 2002 ) Minority Ethnic Pupils in chiefly White Schools. Research Report No. 365. Norwich: HMSO pp1 Commission for Racial Equality ( 1988 ) Learning in Terror! A Survey of Racial Harassment in Schools and Colleges. London: CRE Cowie, H and Sharp S ( 1994 ) Undertaking Bullying through the Curriculum. In Smith, PK and Sharp, S ( explosive detection systems. ) School Bullying: penetrations and Positions. London: Routledge pp85 DfE ( 1994 ) Bullying: Do n't Suffer in Silence. London: HMSO DfEE ( 1999 ) National Healthy School Standard. Guidance. London: DfEE pp24 -25 DfEE ( 2000 ) Bullying: Do n't Suffer in Silence. ( Online ) Available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dfes.gov.uk/bullying/ ( accessed on 1 April 2010 ) DfES ( 2003 ) Undertaking Bullying: Listening to the Views of Children and Young Peoples Available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dcsf.gov.uk/research/data/uploadfiles/RR400.pdf ( accessed on 25.01.10 ) DCSF ( 2009 ) How can Seal lend to the Work Schools are Making to Reduce Bullying? ( Online ) Available at hypertext transfer protocol: //nationalstrategies.standards.dcsf.gov.uk/banda/secondary/pages/background_213.html ( Accessed 1 April 2010 ) Douglas, N. Warwick, I. Kamp, S and Whitty, G. ( 1997 ) Playing it Safe: Responses of Secondary School Teachers to Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Pupils, Bullying, HIV, AIDS and Section 28. London: Health and Education Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London. Drouet, D ( 1993 ) Adolescent Female Bullying and Sexual Harassment. In Tattum, D ( ed. ) Understanding and Managing Bullying, Oxford: Heinemann Duncan, N ( 1999 ) Sexual Bullying: Gender Conflict and Pupil Culture in Secondary Schools. London: Routledge pp128 Elliott, M ( 1997a ) Bullying: A Practical Guide to Coping for Schools. London: Financial Times Pitman Publishing pp 2 Elliott, M ( 1997b ) Bullying: A Practical Guide to Coping for Schools. London: Financial Times Pitman Publishing pp 1 Elliott, M ( 1997c ) Bullying: A Practical Guide to Coping for Schools. London: Financial Times Pitman Publishing pp 118 Elliott, M ( 1997d ) Bullying: A Practical Guide to Coping for Schools. London: Financial Times Pitman Publishing pp 124 Elliott, M & A ; Kilpatrick, J. ( 1994 ) How to Stop Bullying: A Kidscape Training Guide, Kidscape ( Online ) Available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kidscape.org.uk/download/index.asp # Training hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kidscape.org.uk/download/index.asp # Training ( accessed on 19 March 2010 ) Frederickson, N. Miller and A. Cline, T. ( 2008 ) Educational Psychology. London: Hodder Education. Pp176 – 177 Gillborn, D ( 1993 ) Racial Violence and Bullying. In Tattum, D ( ed. ) Understanding and Pull offing Bullying. Oxford: Heinemann Educational Glover, D C. Cartwright, N and Gleeson, D ( 1998 ) Towards Bully Free Schools: Interventions in Action. Milton Keynes: OUP pp 120, 222, 159 Home of Commons, Education and Skills Committee ( 2007 ) Education and Skills – Third Special Report ( Online ) Available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmselect/cmeduski/600/60002.htm ( accessed on 1 April 2010 ) pp7 – 8 Kelly, E and Cohn, T. ( 1988 ) Racism in Schools: New Research Evidence. Stoke – on – Trent: Trentham Books Kidscape ( 1999 ) Kidscape Survey: Long Term Effects of Bullying. ( Online ) Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kidscape.org.uk/download/index.asp ( Accessed on 1 April 2010 ) pp1 Lawson, S ( 1994 ) Helping Children Cope with Bullying. London: Sheldon Press Loach, B and Bloor, C. ( 1995 ) Droping the Bully to Find the Racist. Multicultural Teaching 13 ( 2 ) : 18 – 20 Mac An Ghaill, M. ( 1989 ) Coming of age in 1980s England: Reconceptualising Black Students ‘ Schooling Experiences. British Journal of Sociology of Education. 10 ( 3 ) : 273 – 286 Mackinnon, D. Statham, J and Hales, M. ( 1995 ) Education in the United kingdom: Facts and Figures. London: Open University pp 43 NSPCC ( 2003 ) Undertaking Bullying: Listening to the Views of Children and Young People ( Online ) Available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.helpwomenandchildren.org/ # /help-for-children/4536351558 ( Accessed on 1 April 2010 ) pp 10, 14, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24 NSPCC ( 2008 ) CHIPS – ChildLine in Partnership ( Online ) Available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform/resourcesforteachers/CHIPS/chips_wda55379.html ( Accessed on 1 April 2010 ) NSPCC ( 2009 ) Go Green Assembly Plan ( online ) Available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nspcc.org.uk/documents/assembly_pdf_wdf36162.pdf ( Accessed on 1 April 2010 ) Olweus, D ( 1984 ) Aggressors and their Victims: Bullying at School. In Frude, N and Gault, H ( ed. ) Disruptive Behaviour in Schools. New York: Wiley pp58 Olweus, D. ( 1993 ) Strong-arming at School: What We Know and What We Can Make, Oxford, Blackwell. Pp19 Rivers, I ( 1996 ) Young Gay and Bullied Young People Now, January, 18:19 Schwartz, D. ( 1993 ) Ancestors of Aggression and Peer Victimisation. Conference for Research in Child Development, New Orleans, March 25 -28, Organised by the Society of Research in Child Development Sharp, S. Thompson, D A and Arora, C M J ( 2002 ) Bullying: Effective Schemes for Long – Term Change London: RoutledgeFalmer pp139 Siann, g. ( 1994 ) Who gets Bullied? The consequence of School, Gender and Ethnic Group. Educational Research, 36 ( 2 ) : 123 – 134 Stainton Rogers, W. ( 1991 ) Promoting, Permiting and Preventing Bullying. In Elliott, M ( ed. ) Bullying: A Practical Guide to Coping for Schools Harlow: Longman pp207 Telluriums ( 2005 ) ‘Excellence in Cities is Mediocre ‘ ( online ) Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.literacytrust.org.uk/Database/secondary/excellence.html ( Accessed 18 March 2010 ) The Independent ( 2000 ) Schoolgirl Killed herself after ‘Phone Bullying ‘ ( online ) Available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/schoolgirl-killed-herself-after-phone-bullying-634442.html? cmp=ilc-n ( Accessed 1 April 2010 ) Tizard, B. Blatchford, P. Burke, J. Farquhar, C and Plewis, I. ( 1988 ) Young Children at School in the Inner City. London: Lawrence Erlbaum pp2

Thursday, November 7, 2019

cloning2 essays

cloning2 essays Cloning, the process of creating a copy of a plant or animal that is genetically identical to the original through asexual means, has sparked some interesting moral and ethical debate. For years, cloning has been used to produce a greater number of a specific type of plant, such as the Macintosh apple trees, which have all been derived from single mutated plant . Now, however, upon the discovery of a method to clone animals, even humans, people are beginning to become aware of the benefits and consequences of cloning, as well as the ethics involved. Cloning has had a fairly long history. In 1952, the first successful cloning experiment took place. Scientists Robert Briggs and Thomas King successfully removed the nucleus from a frog egg and replaced it with the nucleus of an undifferentiated cell from another frog. The egg, then placed in a nutrient solution, eventually developed into a healthy tadpole. In 1962, ten years later, a similar experiment took a differentiated intestinal cell and allowed the tadpole created to develop into a healthy, fertile toad. Later, in 1981, a scientist from Cambridge University then combined two embryos, one of a sheep and the other of a goat, making the first mosaic animal ever artificially created-the geep, with the body of a goat covered with patches of sheeps wool. Then 1984, the first cloned mammals were produced from embryonic nuclei transplanted into unfertilized sheep eggs. Soon after, cloned calves and rabbits, both from embryonic nuclei, and just recently, the first mammal cloned f rom a fully differentiated adult sheep cell was created. The process of cloning an animal, especially a mammal, is not an easy one. In fact, there are multiple ways to go about accomplishing the task, depending on the source of the DNA used for cloning. If a differentiated cell, one that has certain genes expressed or unexpressed, is used, certain genes must first be forced to ...

Monday, November 4, 2019

Discuss the potential for small-scale, local or community-based Essay

Discuss the potential for small-scale, local or community-based initiatives to contribute to sustainable approaches to agricultu - Essay Example In the modern times, agriculture is practiced either under a demand-based agriculture model or resource-based agriculture model. Demand-based agriculture is operated keeping in mind market demand of agricultural goods by consumers and industries. Resource-based agriculture is driven on the logic of producing goods from the earth in a way that it does not harm ecosystem in the process. Thus special care is taken to use only those tools (seeds, fertilizers, etc.) that are not harmful for the ecosystem in the long-run (Sustainable Agriculture, n.d.; Sustainable Communities in Theory and Practice, n.d.). Green revolution beginning in the 1960s has added huge farm productivity, but to the detriment of the goal of sustenance. In Canada, output has increased by 175% since 1941. According to a report ‘Agriculture at a Crossroads’ by IAASTD (International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science, and Technology for Development), there has been less attention to some of the u nintended social and environmental consequences while achieving significant ability to increase agricultural productivity. In Canada, less than 10% of the country has the capacity to sustain agricultural food production.

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Voter Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Voter Psychology - Essay Example why voters cast their ballots for this candidate and that party. Downs implies that what is ideal is to vote on the basis of issues and ideologies but the reality is that many voters follow certain rules and others certain logical steps which they use as guidelines to vote. Downs intimates that most voters vote for selfish reasons, that at the heart of the voting process is their own interests, which is the maximization of their utility incomes (42). If their incomes are below the desired level, they are apt to support a change of the status quo and thus a vote against the incumbent. But if their incomes have skyrocketed because of the incumbent's policies that favor them, they will necessarily dread a change of policies or a fracture in the continuity of present policies and thus bat for retention of the incumbent in office. fat chance of winning. Thus in order to ensure that his voting is not an exercise in futility, he becomes engaged in forecasting, predicting and estimating the outcome of the election contest. If such processes prove that his preferred bet is not "part of the relevant range of choice" (48), then he has no option but switch vote for another party that has a better chance of winning. Related to the idea that a voter opts for that which carries or protects the voter's best interests is the idea of partisanship. Downs, however, refuses to mention this word. Instead, he designates partisans as loyalists (85), who have set their minds to vote for a particular candidate election after election. These voters are knowledgeable about the issues and are often zealous and participative in political discussions. Downs also introduces the idea of trend factor which voters may use as guideline in their decision of whom to vote for in an election (41). Voters tend to reelect the incumbent who at the outset of his government incurred mistakes but then has improved steadily his governance and at the present has governed expertly to voters' satisfaction. Conversely, voters tend to boot out of office that incumbent who started office splendidly, but has since spiraled out to degeneracy. Another Downs syndrome is the performance ratings concept (41). Sometimes voters are thrown out of equilibrium when candidates carry identical platforms and policies. To resolve the impasse, the basis of the decision is drastically changed to whether or not the incumbent has performed better in office than their predecessors. If not, then the verdict is to replace the incumbent.